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Acetic acid, also known as acetic acid, is an organic compound. The chemical formula CH3COOH is an organic monobasic acid, which is the main component of vinegar. Pure anhydrous acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) is a colorless hygroscopic liquid with a freezing point of 16.6 ℃ (62 ℉). After solidification, it is colorless crystal. Its aqueous solution is weakly acidic and highly corrosive, and has strong corrosive effect on metals. Steam has irritating effect on eyes and nose.
Acetic acid is widely distributed in nature. For example, in fruit or vegetable oil, acetic acid mainly exists in the form of ester. Acetic acid also exists in the form of free acid in animal tissues, excreta and blood. Many microorganisms can convert different organic substances into acetic acid through fermentation.
Specification:
|
Unit |
Value |
|
|
Purity |
% |
99.8 min |
|
Color |
APHA |
5max |
|
Fomic acid content |
% |
0.03max |
|
Water Content |
% |
0.15max |
|
Appearance |
- |
Transparent liquid |
Melting point: 16.6 ℃
Boiling point: 117.9 ℃
Density: 1.05g/cm3
Flash point: 39 ℃ (CC)
Refractive index: 1.371 (20 ℃)
Saturated vapor pressure: 1.52kPa (20 ℃)
Critical temperature: 321.6 ℃
Critical pressure: 5.78MPa
Ignition temperature: 426 ℃
Upper explosion limit (V/V): 16.0%
Lower explosive limit (V/V): 5.4%
Appearance: colorless transparent liquid
Solubility: soluble in water, ethanol, ether, glycerin, insoluble in carbon disulfide
Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is a colorless, volatile liquid at ambient temperatures. The pure compound, glacial acetic acid, owes its name to its ice-like crystalline appearance at 15.6°C. As generally supplied, acetic acid is a 6 N aqueous solution (about 36%) or a 1 N solution (about 6%). These or other dilutions are used in adding appropriate amounts of acetic acid to foods. Acetic acid is the characteristic acid of vinegar, its concentration ranging from 3.5 to 5.6%. Acetic acid and acetates are present in most plants and animal tissues in small but detectable amounts. They are normal metabolic intermediates, are produced by such bacterial species as Acetobacter and can be synthesized completely from carbon dioxide by such microorganisms as Clostridium thermoaceticum. The rat forms acetate at the rate of 1% of its body weight per day.
As a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent, characteristic vinegar odor, it is useful in butter, cheese, grape and fruit flavors. Very little pure acetic acid as such is used in foods, although it is classified by FDA as a GRAS material. Consequently, it may be employed in products that are not covered by Definitions and Standards of Identity. Acetic acid is the principal component of vinegars and pyroligneous acid. In the form of vinegar, more than 27 million lb were added to food in 1986, with approximately equal amounts used as acidulants and flavoring agents. In fact, acetic acid (as vinegar) was one of the earliest flavoring agents. Vinegars are used extensively in preparing salad dressing and mayonnaise, sour and sweet pickles and numerous sauces and catsups. They are also used in the curing of meat and in the canning of certain vegetables. In the manufacture of mayonnaise, the addition of a portion of acetic acid (vinegar) to the salt- or sugar-yolk reduces the heat resistance of Salmonella. Water binding compositions of sausages often include acetic acid or its sodium salt, while calcium acetate is used to preserve the texture of sliced, canned vegetables.
Acetic acid occurs in vinegar. It is producedin the destructive distillation of wood. Itfinds extensive application in the chemicalindustry. It is used in the manufacture ofcellulose acetate, acetate rayon, and variousacetate and acetyl compounds; as a solventfor gums, oils, and resins; as a food preservative in printing and dyeing; and in organicsynthesis.
Acetic acid is an important industrial chemical. The reaction of acetic acid
with hydroxyl containing compounds, especially alcohols, results in the
formation of acetate esters. The largest use of acetic acid is in the
production of vinyl acetate . Vinyl acetate can be produced through the
reaction of acetylene and acetic acid. It is also produced from ethylene and
acetic acid. Vinyl acetate is polymerized into polyvinyl acetate (PVA), which
is used in the production of fibers, films, adhesives, and latex paints.
Cellulose acetate, which is used in textiles and photographic film, is produced
by reacting cellulose with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of
sulfuric acid. Other esters of acetic acid, such as ethyl acetate and propyl
acetate, are used in a variety of applications.
Acetic acid is used to produce the plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) .
Acetic acid is used to produce pharmaceuticals.
Glacial Acetic Acid is an acidulant that is a clear, colorless liquid which has an acid taste when diluted with water. It is 99.5% or higher in purity and crystallizes at 17°c. It is used in salad dressings in a diluted form to provide the required acetic acid. It is used as a preservative, acidulant, and flavoring agent. It is also termed acetic acid, glacial.
Acetic acid can be prepared by artificial synthesis and bacterial fermentation. Biosynthesis, that is, fermentation by bacteria, accounts for only 10% of the world's output, but it is still the most important method to produce acetic acid, especially vinegar, because many countries' food safety regulations stipulate that vinegar in food must be prepared by biological methods, and fermentation method is divided into aerobic fermentation method and anaerobic fermentation method.
1、Aerobic fermentation
Acetobacter bacteria can produce acetic acid from foods containing alcohol when oxygen is sufficient. Usually, cider or wine mixed with grain, malt, rice or potato are mashed and fermented. These substances can ferment into acetic acid under the action of catalytic enzyme and oxygen.
The specific method is to inoculate the bacteria of Acetobacter into the diluted alcohol solution and keep it at a certain temperature, and place it in a ventilated place. It can be fermented within a few months, and finally produce vinegar. The method of industrial production of vinegar accelerates the reaction process by providing sufficient oxygen. This method has been adopted in commercial production, also known as "fast method" or "German method". It was named after its first successful application in Germany in 1823. In this method, fermentation is carried out in a tower filled with sawdust or charcoal. The raw material containing alcohol drops from the top of the tower, and fresh air naturally enters or forced convection from the bottom. The enhanced air volume enables this process to be completed within a few weeks, greatly reducing the time for vinegar production.
Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner first proposed to prepare vinegar through liquid bacterial culture medium in 1949. In this method, alcohol is fermented into acetic acid in continuous stirring, and air is filled into the solution in the form of bubbles. Through this method, vinegar containing 15% acetic acid can be prepared in two to three days.
2、Anaerobic fermentation
Some anaerobic bacteria, including some members of Clostridium, can directly convert sugars into acetic acid without using ethanol as an intermediate. Sucrose can be fermented into acetic acid in an oxygen-free environment.
In addition, many bacteria can produce acetic acid from compounds containing only single carbon, such as methanol, carbon monoxide or mixtures of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Clostridium has the ability to react with sugars and reduce costs, which means that these bacteria have the potential to produce acetic acid more efficiently than Acetobacter's ethanol oxidation method. However, the acid resistance of Clostridium bacteria is less than that of Acetobacter bacteria. Clostridium bacteria with the highest acid resistance can only produce less than 10% acetic acid, while some acetic acid bacteria can produce 20% acetic acid. Using acetic acid bacteria to produce vinegar is still more economical than using clostridium bacteria to concentrate after preparation. Therefore, although Clostridium bacteria have been discovered as early as 1940, its industrial application range is relatively narrow.
In addition to the above biological methods, industrial acetic acid is mainly synthesized by the following methods:
3、Methanol carbonylation method
Most acetic acid is synthesized by methyl carbonylation. In this reaction, methanol reacts with carbon monoxide to produce acetic acid, and the equation is as follows
This process is completed in three steps with iodomethane as the intermediate, and requires a catalyst with multiple metal components (in the second step)
Acetic anhydride can also be generated through the same reaction by controlling the reaction conditions. Because carbon monoxide and methanol are common chemical raw materials, the industry often uses this method to prepare acetic acid.
4、Acetaldehyde oxidation method
Before the commercial production of Monsanto method, most of acetic acid was prepared by oxidation of acetaldehyde. Although it cannot be compared with methyl carbonylation, this method is still the second method for industrial production of acetic acid.
5、Alkane liquid oxidation method
Using n-butane as raw material, acetic acid as solvent, oxidation was carried out with air as oxidant in the presence of 170 ℃ - 180 ℃, 5.5 MPa and cobalt acetate catalyst. At the same time, this method can also use liquefied petroleum gas or light oil as raw materials. The raw material cost of this method is low, but the process flow is long, the corrosion is serious, and the yield of acetic acid is not high. This method is only used in areas where cheap isobutane or LPG raw materials are easily available.
This reaction can be carried out at the highest temperature and pressure that can keep butane liquid. The by-products include butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid and propionic acid. Because some by-products also have economic value, the reaction conditions can be adjusted to make more by-products, but the separation of acetic acid and by-products increases the cost of the reaction.
Under similar conditions, using the above catalyst, acetaldehyde can be oxidized by oxygen in the air to produce acetic acid.
Acetaldehyde can also be oxidized by copper hydroxide.
Using the new catalyst, this reaction can obtain more than 95% acetic acid yield. The main by-products are ethyl acetate, formic acid and formaldehyde. Because the boiling point of by-products is lower than that of acetic acid, they can be easily removed by distillation.
Ethylene oxidation method
It is formed by the reaction of ethylene with oxygen in the presence of catalysts (palladium chloride: PdCl ₂, copper chloride: CuCl ₂ and manganese acetate: (CH ⏴ COO) ₂ Mn). This reaction can be seen as the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, and then the oxidation of acetaldehyde.
6、Topso method
Topso process uses single natural gas or coal as raw material. Step 1: synthesis gas generates methanol and dimethyl ether under catalyst; The second part: carbonylation of methanol and dimethyl ether (both do not need purification) and CO to produce acetic acid. This method is also called two-step method.
Leakage treatment
Pollution emission category: Z
Leakage treatment: cut off the fire source, wear protective glasses, gas mask and acid-resistant work clothes, wash the spill with a large amount of water to make it flow into the channel and be diluted quickly, thus reducing the harm to human body.
Fire extinguishing method
Use fog water, dry powder, alcohol resistant foam, carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire. Use water to keep the container cool in the fire. Use foggy water to disperse the vapor, drive away the leaked liquid, and dilute it into a non-combustible mixture. And spray water to stop the leakage.
First aid measures
Skin contact: In case of skin contact, rinse with water and then wash thoroughly with soap.
Eye contact: wash the eyes with water and wipe them with dry cloth if they are irritated, and send them to the hospital for treatment in serious cases.
Inhalation: If the patient needs to get out of the contaminated area by inhaling steam, rest and keep warm.
Ingestion: gargle immediately after taking it by mistake, give emetic to induce vomiting, and send it to the hospital for treatment.
Protective measures
Respiratory system protection: When the depth concentration in the air exceeds the standard, wear a gas mask.
Eye protection: wear chemical safety goggles.
Hand protection: wear rubber gloves.
Others: After work, take a shower and change clothes. Do not bring work clothes into the living area.
| Nature of inquiries | Department | Location | Telephone | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales/distribution | Chinese acetic acid manufacturers | China | +86-19117288062 | service@skychemwin.com |
Chemwin can provide a wide range of bulk hydrocarbons and chemical solvents for industrial customers.
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